Joint Pain & Stiffness

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Narrowing the differential diagnosis

When evaluating joint pain, it useful to consider six key concepts during the history and physical examination that help to narrow the differential diagnosis. By narrowing the differential, one can focus the work-up in a more expedient and cost efficient manner.

The six key concepts are:

* Is the condition acute or chronic?
* Is the problem inflammatory or noninflammatory?
* What is the pattern of joint involvement?
* Are there associated systemic features?
* What are the demographics of the patient that might make one diagnosis more tenable?
* Is the joint pain really an arthritis?

Periarticular, articular, or nonarticular?
There are a variety of structures that can become painful and might be interpreted as an arthritis by patients. Causes of joint pain from outside the joint (structures inside the joint capsule) can be from periarticular structures. The following is a list of structures around a joint that might present to you as joint pain.

Periarticular causes of joint pain
Bursitis
Faciitis
Tendonitis
Ligament Injury
Epicondylitis
Myofacial Pain/Fibromyalgia
There are also a variety of nonarticular abnormalities affecting bone, nerve, or blood vessels that may present as joint pain. Below is a list of such causes.

Nonarticular causes of joint pain
Tumors of Bone
Radiculopathy
Osteomyelitis
Neuroma
Nerve Entrapment
Vasculopathy

Physical examination to differentiate these problems should include:

*Inspection of the joint area for evidence of swelling or redness
*Passive range of motion of the joint(s) in the area noting pain, reduction of motion, or instability
*Active range of motion of the joint(s) in the area noting pain that was not there when the joint(s) were passively moved
*Resisted range of motion of the joint(s) in the area again noting pain
*Palpation of the joint line(s) and surrounding structures noting tenderness, joint effusion(s), and boney changes.
*Most soft tissue problems do not hurt with passive motion while most forms of arthritis do.
*Tendonitis is typically painful with active or resisted motion.
*A bursitis is usually painful only with palpation.
*Myofacial pain is also painful to palpation and may be widespread as in fibromyalgia.

Acute vs. chronic
Acute refers to conditions lasting less than 8 weeks while chronic signifies conditions that persist for a longer period of time. Acute also suggests a rapid onset. Many acute disorders are also self-limited. This division of acute and chronic can help focus the evaluation especially for conditions that have been present for more than 8 weeks.
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